Noah Katterbach was born on 13 April 2001 in Simmerath, Germany. Katterbach spent the majority of his youth career at 1. FC Köln, starting at the under-8 level. In 2018, he was awarded the Fritz Walter Medal in Gold, honouring the best German player in the under-17 age group. On 5 October 2019, he made his professional debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Schalke, making him the youngest player to appear in the Bundesliga that year. During the 2019–20 season, Katterbach established himself in the club's first team squad and made 18 league appearances.